Gang rape
Gang rape occurs when a vivaciousness of people participate in the rape of a single victim. Rape involving at least two or more violators (typically at least three[1]) is widely reported to occur in many parts of the world. Systematic recommendation on the extent of the difficulty, however, is scant.
One psychotherapy showed that offenders and victims in gang rape incidents were younger considering a merged possibility of alive thing unemployed. Gang rapes functional more alcohol and drug use, night attacks and rasping sexual assertiveness outcomes and less victim resistance and fewer weapons than individual rapes.[2] Another examine found that liveliness sexual assaults were more violent and had greater resistance from the victim than individual sexual assaults and that victims of bureau sexual assaults were more likely to want crisis and police facilities, to contemplate suicide and outlook therapy than those on the go in individual assaults. The two groups were just not quite the same in the amount of drug use and drinking during the irritate.[3]
Gang rape is sometimes referred to as "organization rape", "party rape", or "compound perpetrator rape" in scholarly literature.[4]
Contents [conceal]
1 Causes and characteristics
2 Specific countries
2.1 Bangladesh
2.2 Brazil
2.3 Canada
2.4 China
2.5 Egypt
2.6 France
2.7 India
2.8 Indonesia
2.9 Iran
2.10 Malaysia
2.11 Nigeria
2.12 Pakistan
2.13 Papua New Guinea
2.14 Saudi Arabia
2.15 South Africa
2.16 Spain
2.17 United Arab Emirates
2.18 United Kingdom
2.19 United States
3 Gang rapes during wars
4 As punishment
5 See furthermore
6 References
7 Further reading
Causes and characteristics[shorten]
Gang rapes often influence three or more men as perpetrators. These rapes have characteristics more than those found in rape by individuals; for example, gang rapists tend to be younger and serial in their crimes, the gang is more often out cold the involve of drugs or alcohol, of the associated race or religion or place of dwelling thereby forming a heavy-knit peer pressure charity, encouraged by the behavior of their fellow criminals. Gang rapes are more violent; the sexual and non-sexual injuries to the victim are often in the make unfriendly more nervous. The gang members typically dehumanize their take goal victim(s) past and during the rape.[5][6][7]
Porter and Alison have analyzed 739 gang rape cases from US and UK, and found on intensity of 20% of the gang rape victims died from injuries from the gang rape.[8] A 2013 psychotherapy based on the subject of 25 year crime data from US and Europe, in the midst of 10% to 20% of all rapes were gang rapes. Less than 1 in 3 gang rapes are reported, even if less than 1 in 20 attempted but unsuccessful gang rapes are reported.[4]
A 2013 Lancet excuse more or less rape and gang rape in Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Sri Lanka found that the crime was operating for various motives, such as sexual entitlement, seeking of entertainment, and a means to inflict punishment regarding the victim.[9] Associated factors in the crime included alcohol injury, poverty, personal chronicles of childhood victimization, dependence to prove heterosexual stroke, dominance connected to more women, and participation in gangs and linked activities. Most cases were not reported to perform enforcement, and just 23% of single or fused perpetrator rapes that were reported by the victims ended in prison sentence.[9]
Gang rapes during civil wars and ethnic riots take another dimension of becoming a means of revenge, sending a notice to the victims' community, inducing anguish in the challenger, creating a desirability of solidarity surrounded by the soldiers or militants or the violent organization.[10][11]
Gang rape is sometimes stereotyped in media as a crime of poor, minorities or culture; however, gang rape incidence rates are high in wealthy literary campuses, in the middle of non-minorities and all culture.[12] Everywhere there is a tendency to blame the victim; however, gang rapes are roughly always pre-meditated in their intent, take objective victim(s), social proof and psychological causes.[13][14] Certain comings and goings such as civil wars, enmity propaganda, and ethnic conflicts layer the incidence rate of gang rapes.[15][16]
According to one psychotherapy,[17] greater than 70% of the victims were gang raped by rapists of same race and religion. Most covered and debated gang rapes tend to be those involving victim and rapists of every second race or religion or social class.
Specific countries[shorten]
This is an incomplete list of countries, where incline and/or media have venerated the difficulty of gang rape.
Bangladesh[shorten]
A 2013 Lancet psychoanalysis reports 1.9% of all rural men in Bangladesh have on the go fused perpetrator rape (gang rape) of a girl who was not a decorate, compared to 1.4% urban men.[9] 35% of those who have active gang rapes adjacent-door to women have next in force new rapes where the victim was a man. The motives of rape included a assimilation of reasons. Two thirds of the gang rape perpetrators claimed entertainment as their motive, 30% claimed they participated in gang rape out of enrage and to inflict punishment almost the victim, even though 11% indicated the crime followed alcohol consumption.[9]Brazil[shorten]
Gang rape, or estupro coletivo, is prevalent in Brazil. In the avow of Rio de Janeiro alone, on peak of 6000 rapes are reported all year (or just very roughly 37 per 100,000 people).[18] Nationwide, the rape rate varied in the company of 26 to 32 per 100,000 women in 2009.[19] The arrest rates re the subject of rape complaints, was 4% in Rio.[18] About 19.6% of 2011 rapes were gang rapes.[20]Brazilian Penal Code (Article 213) does not consent most forms of sexual violence, including anal sex violent behavior, as rape or gang rape; single-handedly motivated vaginal penetration is considered rape.[21][22] Further, in cases of non-vaginal sexual assaults, its pretense distinguishes "honest", "dishonest" and "virgin" victims - without explicitly defining these terms. Gang rape and non-vaginal sexual ferociousness in defense to an "honest virgin girl" carries longer prison term, even if the same crime vis--vis "dishonest girl" victim carries shorter prison term. In the 1980s, and no-one else a quarter of reported rape cases were investigated by Brazilian police.[21][23]
A six hour gang rape of an American student coarsely a transit van in the Copacabana tourist district, though her boyfriend was beaten as soon as rod and goaded to watch, attracted international media coverage.[24] It was described as one of routine gang rapes taking into account hint to public buses.[25][26] This argument gathered significant local and international media attention, leading to review of several Brazilian events for rape crimes.[27] Other recent and more prominent gang rape cases substitute New Hit Gang Rape in Bahai,[28] Pariaba gang rape,[29] So Paulo gang rape where the rapists took photos and distributed them upon social media,[30] and Rio gang rape of underage girl by police officers.[31]
Canada[quirk in]
Gang rape is prevalent in Canadian Universities and are routinely reported elsewhere. Peer pressure and sexual aggression are accompanied by the cited reasons for the crime.[32][33] Since 1983, Canada does not track rape or gang rape statistics separately, but tracks and reports Sexual Assault Tier 3 which includes both rape and gang rape. The average sexual treat badly victim rate in Canada was 34 per 1,000 women, and 15 per 1,000 men, according to a 2013 Statistics Canada article.[34]China[right of admission]
Main article: Yan Xiaoling Fan Yanqiong suitThe data upon rapes in China is disputed. The U.S. Department of State claimed in 2007 that China officially reports 31,833 rapes a year. Luo Tsun-yin claims that this number is a little fraction of actual rapes.[35] In 2009, China's Ministry of Public Security claimed to have 'solved' 26,404 rape cases, compared to 24,495 solved cases in 2008, without disclosing the number of unsolved rape cases.[36] A 2013 Tianjin University survey claims 25% of men said they had raped a girl, and 4% admitted to have gang raped.[37][38]
A Lancet testing reports 2.2% of men in China admitted to having effective gang rape (incorporation perpetrator rape) of a non-fashion add-on girl.[9] About 36% of the perpetrators had raped along amid more one girl, 50% of those who had full of beans gang rape had raped both scarf in crime as single perpetrator as adeptly as non-belt during a gang rape, though 32% had gang raped a girl and raped a man. The psychiatry in addition to found that 90% of the rapists were in the 15-29 age group at the epoch they perpetrated the first rape.[9]
In July 2013, the son of a Chinese general was charged following four supplementary men to enliven thing share of a gang rape. This achievement raised significant public drive you mad well ahead than seemingly fortunate treatment of elite gang rape criminals.[39]
Egypt[abbreviate]
Over two dozen gang rapes were reported during civil protests in Egypt from January to March 2013; however, activists assist that many more gang rapes often go unreported because most women are too mortified to ensue the police or even publicize their relatives.[40][41]During July 2013 at Tahrir Square, mobs assaulted and gang raped at least 46 women in 4 days.[42] A Dutch journalist was with gang-raped in Tahrir Square.[43][44] A same gang rape and gang beating was reported by an American journalist in 2011. In a surgically remove survey, again 90% of Egyptian women claimed to have experienced sexual maltreatment in their lifetime.[45]
France[shorten]
See in addition to: Ni Putes Ni SoumisesBetween 5000 to 7000 gang rapes are reported in France all year.[46]
The exposure to quality la tournante is a French noun meaning "the turning" and is used as a slang term to endeavor a gang rape.
In October 2012, two girls unventilated Paris reported experiencing daily gang rapes, sometimes by scores of boys, after one was found brutally beaten by a female police supervisor. 10 of the 14 defendants who were teenager at the times of gang rape were acquitted, even though the enduring 4 adults found guilty were unqualified 0 to 12 months in prison. This warfare amazed France.[47][48] In 2014, the fighting of a Canadian tourist allegedly gang raped by four police officers in Paris acclaimed international attention.[49]
India[shorten]
India reports approximately 22,000 rapes a year, nearly 1.8 rapes per 100,000 population.[50] As behind supplementary countries, India does not amassed cut off data upon gang rapes.
The gang rape of a 23-year-pass student upon a public bus, upon 16 December 2012 brought international attention, and sparked large protests across the capital of India, Delhi.[51] Other reports affix gang rape of an American tourist by three Nepalese men in Himachal Pradesh,[52][53] gang rape where the victim and rapists were of every option castes,[54] gang rape triggering riots in Uttar Pradesh where the victim was a Dalit and rapists were Muslims.[55]
Indonesia[retrieve]
Reported cases of gang rape adding together Jakarta International School gang rape of a six year prehistoric,[56] gang rape of a Malaysian student in Indonesia,[57] and Aceh gang rape war where the victim was charged following adultery as soon as she reported the crime.[58]A Lancet psychoanalysis[9] of Jakarta and Jayapura city upon New Guinea island, found gang rape prevalence rate to be 2% and 6.8% of all Indonesian men respectively who, at some narrowing in their lifetime, have spacious complex perpetrator rape. About 52% of the perpetrators had raped difficult than one girl, 64% of those who had functional gang rape had raped both decorate as single perpetrator as skillfully as non-decorate during a gang rape, even though 12% had gang raped a girl and raped a man. The psychoanalysis moreover found that 90% of the rapists in Indonesia were in the 15-29 age group considering than they operational their first rape.[9]
Iran[habit in]
Many incidents of gang rapes have been reported in Iran. In several cases, the police officials have answerable the victim for not wearing hijab, and in one warfare arresting the victim and two activists, who were a pain to bring attention to the gang rape.[59][60]While attributed statistics upon reported and pending gang rapes in Iran are not published by the Iranian position, public hangings for gang rapes are routinely reported in Iranian newspapers.[61][62][63]
Malaysia[relationships]
Nigeria[shorten]
Pakistan[shorten]
The 2013 National Crime Data marginal note for Pakistan meet the expense of an opinion a current rape rate of 8.4 women per 100,000 population (16.8 per 100,000 women), of which more or less 10% were gang rapes.[72]In some cases such as Mukhtar Mai gang rape in Muzaffargarh, village elder's council (jirga) in Pakistan have ordered that the girl in a intimates be gang-raped as a means of punishing her brother, and this punishment was as well as carried out in public considering everyone watching.[73] In 2011, Pakistan's Supreme Court freed 5 men who responsive the gang-rape because their achievement was upon orders of the village council.[74][75] Other gang rape cases reported in 2013 put in Bahawalpur gang rape,[76] Lahore gang rape,[77] Peshawar gang rape,[78] Karachi gang rape of a polio-disabled girl[79] surrounded by others.
Papua New Guinea[shorten]
A Lancet psychoanalysis reports 14.1% of all men admitted to having keen gang rape (complex perpetrator rape) of a non-gloves girl sometime in their lifetime. 44% of these perpetrators had raped again 1 girl beyond their lifetime.[9] In Papua New Guinea, 25% of the first rape was full of zip at a youngster age less than 15, though in 70% of the cases the perpetrator's age was 15-29 at the grow olden of first crime.Saudi Arabia[reduce]
The Qatif rape encounter was a 2006 gang rape of a teenage girl by seven men. The justice era-fortunate criticism because the victim was lashed 200 become primordial.[80][81][82]
South Africa[entre]
Gang rape is common in South Africa,[83] and in determined parts it is called jackrolling.[84] South Africa reported on zenith of 64,000 rapes in 2012, or about 127.5 women per 100,000 population (255 rapes per 100,000 women).[85] With one girl raped each and every one 4 minutes, South Africa has world's highest rape incidence rate per 100,000 women.[86] Between 10% to 33% of every one rapes are gang rapes involving three or more people. About 25% of teenagers close Johannesburg described gang rape as recreational and fun.[84][87]
In deafening parts of South Africa where boys are often operational in gang rapes, called jackrolling, rape rates are cutting edge.[84] 40% of reported rape cases are upon children under the age of 12.[88]
Vogelman and Lewis description 44% of rapists in South Africa have engaged in gang rape. The National Institute of Crime Rehabilitation of South Africa claims without help 1 out of 20 rapes are reported in South Africa, suggesting 1,300 women are raped the complete daylight.[89] A 2010 nationwide survey reported that about 27% of every one of South African men above the age of 18 have raped a woman in their lifetime one or more period, though 8.9% of every adult men have participated in a gang rape.[90] The gang rape prevalence rate varied significantly in alternating provinces of South Africa; for example, in Eastern Cape, 13.9% of men had gang raped a woman who was not a accomplice.[90]
In February 2013, a 17-year out of date woman was gang raped, mutilated and left to die in a town near Cape Town. This led to widespread protests.[86]
Spain[abbreviate]
United Arab Emirates[shorten]
In several recent cases, the courts of the UAE have sentenced the gang raped lady to prison out cold its laws. For example, a British lady, after she reported mammal gang raped by three men, was charged gone than the crime of drinking alcohol in UAE; an Arab lady was sentenced to one year in prison for illicit sex after she complained of gang rape; an Australian lady was similarly sentenced to jail after she reported gang rape in the UAE, even if a Norwegian woman was jailed for illicit sex gone she reported rape by Arabic men.[93] In abnormal recent exploit, an 18 year Arab woman withdrew her disease of gang rape inside a car by 6 men gone the feat threatened her in the back a long jail term for consensual sex together in the midst of combination men.[94]According to ABC News, a French teenager boy was gang raped by three Dubai men. The authorities demanded that the tourist confess he is gay and that he asked for sex. The guy insisted he was raped and political pressure led to the arrest and conviction of the gang members.[95]
United Kingdom[right of access]
A number of gang rapes have taken place in the United Kingdom,[96][97] although the UK authorities had not separately collected data upon gang rapes until the 2011 Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre tab upon localised grooming entitled "Out of Mind, Out of Sight",[98] but which on your own deals behind adolescent victims. A number of gang rapes have place in the United Kingdom in front at least 1997.[99]In the 1997 act, a 33-year pass Austrian tourist woman upon visit to King's Cross, London was dumped in the Regent's Canal to drown after a gang-rape violent behavior by eight youth, one of whom was single-handedly 14 years at the era. She had been upon a midnight stroll from her hotel. She survived to testify at events. The rapists called the woman "white bitch" repeatedly during the assertiveness.[99]
In April 2007 at Hackney, East London, a 14 year pass schoolgirl was gang raped. Six boys were convicted. Three others participated in the crime. The gang claimed at the period that they had since operational same crimes.[100][101]
In 2011, a 24-year obsolete woman was abducted by three men after a night out in Preston, Lancashire. They raped her repeatedly, smiling subsequent to she cried out. Two Kurdish men were convicted and sentenced; police are looking for the third provoker. The pair successfully appealed and were reply condensed prison sentences and one of them was decided British citizenship even though in jail, though this was substitute revoked. Fearful for her safety following an attacker yet at large, she fled the country.[102]
In March 2014, Crime Prevention Minister Norman Baker described "auditorium breaking conduct yourself" to identify women and girls who can profit drawn into gangs. "Girls allied bearing in mind gangs can position sexual mistreatment and we have provided 1.2mn for 13 Young People's Advocates to avow those at risk," he said upon the opening of a relation by the Centre for Social Justice (CSJ), a think-tank declared in 2002 by Iain Duncan Smith, other Cabinet minister. Baker said the paperwork had set occurring a network of on summit of 70 people considering experience of dealing subsequent to gangs to accomplish behind 33 of the worst affected areas of the country, including 20 in London. In one encounter cited by the CSJ bank account, a schoolgirl was abducted and sexually assaulted by nine males because she criticised a gang believer. The tab found that girls as youngster as eight were monster used to carry drugs while female gang members in their teenager were physical pressured to have sex following boys as young as 10 to initiate males into gangs. A recent marginal note by the Office of the Children's Commissioner suggested that on 2,500 children had been known to be victims of child sexual proclaim-calling by gangs and groups.[103]
In 2008, a 14 year antique schoolgirl was gang raped, about 9 boys were convicted. The woman believed that she wasn't their unaccompanied victim.[104]
United States[read]
The US reports about 85,000 rapes a year, about 29 rapes per 100,000 population (58 rapes entirely year per 100,000 women).[50] There is a rape in the US every one 6.2 minutes, when 1 in 5 women likely to be raped in her lifetime.[50][105] As subsequently accumulation countries, the US does not compilation remove data upon gang rapes; Vogelman and Lewis estimate 25% of each and every one rapes in the US are gang rapes.[89] Another source indicates 21.8% of American rapes are gang rapes.[106]Hundreds of gang rape cases upon moot campuses have been prosecuted.[12] A Roger Williams University investigate estimates from survey of crime data that 16% of every one male rapists in the US participated in a gang rape crime.[107]
Some recent examples of gang rapes reported in local media insert the Cleveland gang rape,[108] Richmond gang rape,[109] New Orleans gang rape,[110] St Paul gang rape,[111] Miami gang rape/murder,[112] Chicago gang rape[113]Delaware park gang rape[114] along amid others.
Gang rapes during wars[waylay]
Main article: War rapeMajor ethnic conflicts and wars within the last 50 years have witnessed a disquiet of gang rapes.[115]
The Congo engagement saying thousands of gang rapes every week, as well as each sustain center reporting 10 or more daily victims of gang rape when battering of women.[116][117] The Rwandan genocide of 1994 witnessed numerous gang rapes by soldiers.[118] Bosnia achievement during the 1990s saying a same sentient of gang rapes.[119]
In the 2000s, civil fighting-torn in countries such as Sudan, Afghanistan and Syria reported tall rates of gang rapes by dealing out soldiers as bearing in mind ease as Islamic militants.[120][121][122][123] Similar incidents have been recorded in Libya,[124] Mali.[125]
As punishment[retrieve]
Traditionally, the Cheyenne people of North America used gang rape as punishment for female transgressions.[126] A same practice existed along with the Munduruku people of South America.[127]Among the Mpumalanga, there are instances of gang rape as punishment.[128] In the rural areas of Pakistan,[129] India,[130] gang rape has been reported to have been ordered by a village court.
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